Land Cover Change and Groundwater Depletion: The Impact of Poppy Cultivation in the Northern Districts of Helmand

Abstract

In recent decades, significant land-cover change has occurred in many areas of Helmand province, which
has led to an unprecedented decline in groundwater levels. Poppy cultivation is considered one of the fundamental
drivers of this land-cover change. This study analyzes the relationship between poppy cultivation and the depletion
of groundwater in four northern districts (Nowzad, Kajaki, Musa Qala, and Washir). Using the ENVI 5.6 software,
land-cover change from 2000 to 2023 was calculated. The results show that, compared to the year 2000 when the
cultivated area was 285 km², this area increased to 1,036 km² by the end of 2014. However, in the beginning 2018,
a decline in agricultural land started and by 2023 the cultivated area had decreased to 650 km². In addition, data
collected through a survey of 81 local residents indicate that water scarcity has become a serious problem. The lack
of water for drinking and agricultural activities has created widespread challenges, and the intensive use of deep
wells is causing severe damage to groundwater resources. Climate change and the drop in groundwater levels have
been identified as the main causes for the reduction of agricultural land and activities in this region. Finally, the study
emphasizes the need for proper water resource management and the adoption of alternative agricultural practices
instead of poppy cultivation.